The central issue of the present paper is the study of the causes of the mother tongue decline in the Sahne city in Kermanshah province. The issue of language is beyond the dialect of people and is refer to the form of life and the matter of macroeconomic and political relations. From this perspective, the form of life and the language associated with it explain the praxis of the members of the society. The appropriate method of examining the problem should be able to analyze the justification of agents to their situation, that is why Grounded Theory is chosen as the method of this research and data analysis is taken from abduction reasoning. The results of the analysis introduced the categories of globalizing, modernizing, de-use of language, economic necessity and the government as the most important factors of LOCAL language fading. In this essay the meaning of globalization is the globalizing of special type of economic relation that explain other categories role in the process of fading of languages.

A B S T R A C TFor choosing suitable place multiple methods are introduced, which examine the qualities, methods and patterns of location selection. The current methods use global approach and do not pay attention to spatial differences, environmental variation in variables, LOCAL changes modeled by LOCAL weighting indicators. It has been selected as a CASE study to evaluate the EMS center of Fars province and to evaluate the indicators of distance from the power plant, distance from logistics centers, industries, transportation terminals, hospitals, hotels and tourism, cities, rural areas and custom centers. has been used, using the AHP method to weight the qualities, and then for LOCAL weights, non-OVERLAPPING neighborhood filtering within a radius of 25 km are used and calculate the corresponding changes, quantity, ratio Presented in this article, the obtained weights, then the compute LOCAL weighted layers, and then LOCAL weight was multiplied in the normalized layers and the final layer were obtained. In the next step, it was combined and calculated to compare the data using the global method. The results of the two methods were transferred to the points of the EMS and the results were analyzedExtended AbstractIntroductionIn geographical studies and spatial planning, there are different approaches to choosing the right place for all kinds of applications and uses, and a process is followed to choose the best places. This process includes stating the research problem (cognition), choosing the criteria and preferences of decision makers and how to determine the weight of indicators, combining criteria (design) and finally, choosing the best option. In the current methods of spatial decision, the criteria are given a fixed weight, while in geographical locations, the distribution of geographical phenomena is not uniform. In this CASE, attention should be paid to the spatial distribution pattern of geographical phenomena based on the principle of sensitivity of the range of changes, the size of the range of changes affects the outputs, and the data with a smaller range of changes also have a lesser effect on the output. The data with a larger range of changes will have a more significant effect on the output. Therefore, in spatial analysis, indicators that have small changes are less important. LOCAL models have been presented to model LOCAL changes in spatial multi-criteria decision-making; in this research, the main issue is how to model the LOCAL changes that affect the expected outputs. MethodologyThe research process is based on multi-criteria spatial decision-making methods (national and LOCAL). First, spatial patterns of indicators were analyzed through exploratory analyzes of ESDA spatial data. Then based on the review of the research criteria, the direct weighting method was used to calculate the weight of the indicators, and the experts were asked to specify the weight of the criteria in the range of 1 to 10. The opinions were combined, and the final weight was obtained. First, the data were spatially modelled to model and calculate the LOCAL weights. Then Block Statistics spatial filter without overlap was used to determine the neighborhood. The range of LOCAL changes, maximum and minimum values, were calculated, and LOCAL weights were obtained based on that. Finally, the information layers were descaled. After that, the unscaled criterion layers were multiplied by the national weights and the final national scores were obtained. In the next step, the data of the evaluated information layers (LOCAL and national) were transferred to the points of emergency databases. Based on the analysis, the fit was done. Results and discussionGeneral or global weights pay attention to the relative importance of indicators, which is the starting point for calculating LOCAL weights. Based on the research results, the most critical indicators are industries, cities and hospitals, which are more important in the location of road emergency stations. However, in order to achieve better results, it is necessary to build a LOCAL weight layer. The results of the research show that the indicators' weight and the difference in the criteria (general weight) are not equal in the entire geographical area, and the areas with a larger range of changes have a higher coefficient.Because, unlike general weights that are obtained based on different methods, LOCAL weights are estimated based on the principle of sensitivity of the range of changes and are changed spatially, and a fixed value is not considered for all areas. According to the research findings, the highest level in the general and LOCAL evaluation method corresponds to 0.5 to 0.7. Based on the LOCAL (geographic) weight method, it is less than the national or general method in the range of 0.9 to 1. Furthermore, this is due to the more precise nature of this method, which models the effects of LOCAL changes. To evaluate the compliance of the emergency centers with the final maps of suitability assessment, the information on the suitability maps was transferred to the map of the emergency center points of Fars province. Based on the evaluation of 207 emergency stations, according to the general method, 14 percent are in the high group (0.9-1), and according to the LOCAL or geographical method (16.9), percent are in this group. ConclusionAt the level of space and geographical regions, phenomena and geographical complications are not uniformly distributed, some phenomena have a homogeneous distribution, and some have a heterogeneous distribution. On the one hand, the phenomena and decision issues are affected by the context in which they are formed and evolve; on the other hand, these phenomena are placed in the network of mutual relations. Furthermore, the results of the set of phenomena may differ from the results of the phenomena individually and separately; in this article, an attempt has been made to address the issue that in spatial analysis and planning, it is necessary to pay attention to geographical differences in decision-making. Furthermore, it should not be evaluated in general terms of spatial decision problems; one of the methods of modelling these differences and spatial changes is to consider the LOCAL weight of the criteria. Based on the research findings, LOCAL (geographical) and national analysis results are different and can better show these changes. On the other hand, the pattern of spatial differences also has its spatial pattern, and paying attention to these differences in spatial differences can be the subject of further studies. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

To reduce the amount of water wastage caused by leakage, the utilities have to monitor and detect leakage of water distribution networks periodically. In order to identify leaking pipelines efficiently when limited resources are available, a cluster identification method (CIM) is proposed to establish a priority for leakage detection and to assess whether spatial clusters of high failure-prone areas exist. The proposed CIM evaluates the difference between the observed data and simulated trials to determine the statistical significance of each cluster; a method previously applied only in epidemiology studies to assess the occurrence probabilities of rare diseases for spatial clusters. The CIM suggested in this study is the OVERLAPPING LOCAL CASE PROPORTIONS (OLCP) that uses grids to scope the entire area and then to simulate the number of failures in the neighborhood of each grid. The simulated failure ratios are then compared with the existing records to determine the statistical significance. The statistical significance represents the potential of the grid requiring further leakage detection. Three failure probability estimation methods, including LOCAL average, global average, and empirical equation, are utilized to analyze the suitability of the OLCP for use with various probability inputs. A CASE study in the central region of Taiwan was implemented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method. The results indicate that the rate of failure in the following year found within the spatial clusters determined by the OLCP was twice the average amount and thus provided valuable information used to prioritize the pipelines for further inspection.

This research deals with the spatial simulation of rock types and the assessing the uncertainty in the domain boundaries in Golgohar Sirjan iron deposit. Based on truncated Gaussian simulation, a simulation approach is proposed to this end, in which the geological units are reproduced by examining the nature of geological boundaries and vertical and horizontal instability. For this purpose, at first, contact analysis is used to investigate the transition in the grade distribution when crossing a rock type boundary. In the next step, the drill holes data are divided into two domains according to the contact analysis results. The first domain includes top magnetite and oxide zone, and the second domain includes bottom magnetite. Next, the LOCAL probabilities model is reproduced based on the vertical proportion matrix (VPM). Finally, different stochastic realizations of rock type units are reproduced by using the improved truncated Gaussian simulation algorithm. In this proposed algorithm, soft (probabilities) and hard data played an equal role in the simulation process. The results show the capability of the proposed algorithm to reproduce the single-point statistics, two-point statistics, and the connectivity values obtained by the hard data and extractive block model.

Purpose: To present a patient with OVERLAPPING choriocapillaritis syndromes who first presented as a typical CASE of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) and later with characteristic findings compatible with multifocal choroiditis (MFC).CASE Report: A 40-year-old myopic woman presented with a paracentral scotoma OS.Fundus examination revealed pale discolored areas around the optic disc corresponding to faintly hyperfluorescent areas on fluorescein angiography (FA). On indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) there was extensive peripapillary hypofluorescence and confluent hypofluorescent dots superiorly. According to the clinical picture, a diagnosis of MEWDS was made. In 4 weeks, the visual field reverted to normal together with almost complete regression of hypofluorescence on ICGA. However, 4 months later fundus examination revealed some scars, a finding not typical for MEWDS. Besides, she developed another scotoma 12 months later accompanied by photopsia and the fundus illustrated more numerous scars than one year earlier.ICGA showed hypofluorescent areas corresponding to the scotoma delineated by visual field testing. The pattern of this recurrence clearly corresponded to MFC.Conclusion: This CASE illustrates an overlap between two entities, MEWDS and MFC in two sequential episodes. FA and fundus autofluorescence accounted for the lesions and optical coherence tomography showed damage to the photoreceptor outer segments, but only ICGA correlated well with functional evolution.

The use of PROPORTIONS derived from nature in traditional architecture is a constant principle in the interactions between structural and physical environments. It has been shown that having an intrinsic relationship with nature can lead to formal similarities. This study attempts to determine the compatibility of common geometric PROPORTIONS used in traditional houses with daylight performance and natural PROPORTIONS of the surrounding physical environment so as to recognize the most compatible structural layout with nature. To this end, 28 Shahneshin rooms were chosen from 21 traditional houses in Ardabil. The required data were collected via  eld observation and logical reasoning and then numerical analyses were conducted on them. After that, using frequency diagram and mean coe cient of variation, the distribution pattern of the PROPORTIONS employed in the Shahneshin rooms were determined. Finally, the compatibility of geometric PROPORTIONS and skylight characteristics with daylight perimeter zone was examined through numerical analyses. The results obtained from the most common structural layouts indicated that in traditional architecture, physical environment and structural environment were compatible and interacted with each other; 95% of the prevalent PROPORTIONS in the traditional houses of Ardabil appeared to follow arithmetic ratios and many of them were found to follow golden PROPORTIONS. Moreover, they were observed to have the highest level of overlap with the frequency distribution and perimeter zone of daylight. Furthermore, the analysis of no-sky line area showed that in all of the CASEs, sky was visible from the inner space of the rooms.

Industrial architecture, as a significant and intriguing field, focuses on the use of sturdy and aesthetically pleasing materials, emphasizing simplicity and functionality, while paying close attention to details and PROPORTIONS. In the façades of industrial buildings in Tabriz, architectural PROPORTIONS are achieved through repetitive fixed modules of brick formwork, considering details such as windows and openings. This approach, coupled with the blending of European industrial architectural elements and LOCAL features, exhibits an innovation in the realm of industrial architecture in Tabriz. This study investigates the PROPORTIONS used in the façades of industrial factories in Tabriz, with a CASE study on the Khosravi Tannery. The research analyzes architectural elements and design principles utilized in industrial buildings in Tabriz, focusing on architectural PROPORTIONS in openings and entrances, including patterns employed in these areas, particularly examining the aesthetic and functional aspects of building façades. Through the analysis of the Khosravi Tannery, the research aims to present insights into the relationship between geometry, ornamentation, and industrial architecture during the Pahlavi era in Tabriz. The results indicate that, in the façades of industrial buildings, as with other historical structures, the golden ratio and geometric PROPORTIONS have been employed. By analyzing all patterns derived from openings and entrances, a fundamental pattern in façades was identified, which can be applied in designing openings and entrances of other buildings, enhancing the diversity and aesthetic appeal of façades.